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The Ebola virus can jump from bats to other species such as humans and apes Figure 1. Ebola virus infections occur when viral particles are absorbed through the mouth, the skin, or through skin wounds. Humans can become infected when handling sick or dead infected animals or by close contact with bats that have the virus.

They can also be infected by other humans, for example by contact with blood, saliva, urine, breast milk, semen, sweat, stool, or vomit from infected people.

Humans can also be infected through soiled clothing, bedding, gloves, protective equipment, and medical waste, such as syringes.

You can see why people need to use extreme caution if they deal with infected patients in hospitals or dead people at funerals. Ebola virus has been extensively studied by scientists. Ebola virus is a member of a family of viruses called Filoviridae. Filovirus are filamentous viruses, so named because there are fin and elongated.

The RNA genome and various proteins that help the virus to replicate itself are enclosed within a protective layer called the viral envelope. The envelope has protruding molecules on its surface called spike glycoproteins. The spike glycoproteins help the virus to penetrate and infect cells Figure 2. If an infection occurs, the immune system of an infected animal will spot these spike glycoproteins and will fight the virus, by calling its immune soldiers onto the field.

Ebola virus disease does not start right away after infection. There is a lag of 2—21 days, called the incubation period, before the replication of the virus causes the first symptoms appear.

Ebola virus disease starts with high fever, malaise, fatigue, and body aches. Then gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting and diarrhea, appear, which lead to drastic fluid losses of up to 10 l a day.

While some patients recover, others suffer from bleeding and kidney damage, eventually leading to multiple organ failure and death. To diagnose Ebola virus disease, a blood sample is taken from the infected person and examined for the presence of viral particles. Against microbes, and viruses in particular, there are two modes of protection. This phase also helps researchers understand how well a vaccine works over a longer time frame and how safe it is for the population.

This article was published on. What our experts say Some vaccines, including the Oxford Astra-Zeneca vaccine, are developed using something called a viral vector. Context and background There have been several information pieces online falsely claiming that the vaccine injects DNA sequences of various diseases that then make vaccinated individuals succumb to those diseases.

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