2009 world health report pdf

The rationale for integrating these 2 analyses is to how to communicate. This is true across cultures, political systems and level of ment of the epidemic and coordination among the WHO country development. While risk management the public judges the information provided in a crisis from the and coordination issues filled a large part of the reports, very perspective of trust.

The public immediately judges the little reference to communication strategies was noted. Can I trust this source? During the instructed member states to report any change in morbidity outbreak, the release of information was fast, on a hour that could signal the emergence of an epidemic. The member cycle, with frequent updates by a core group of spokespersons. In spite of international regulations and guidelines, we found that member states received few specific guidelines on how to Empirical Study fulfill regulations.

The organizations to the member states. In addition, no Israeli policymakers reported that each WHO guideline was segmentation was observed between the member states—all followed unequivocally.

Questions may have emerged, but received the same guidelines and regulations. Although they received instructions regarding patients, alongside local publications from the Israeli Health whom to vaccinate, when, and how,31 they did not receive Ministry. The CDC updated its information daily. While most were familiar with the guidelines regarding whom and how to vaccinate, they The interviewees expressed more trust in the WHO and stated that they received no guidance on how to discuss the CDC than they did for the Israeli Health Ministry.

A senior vaccination. Nurses said that the general impression was that nurse explained that the Health Ministry was perceived as a the public should be forced to vaccinate and that this process political organization motivated by political interests and not lacked active explanation.

Uncertainty Document Analysis In , the international organizations developed a plan to Empowerment of the Public confront and communicate future influenza pandemics. When a publicly held view has secondary fatal infections. When a publicly held view is mistaken, it should still be The CDC and WHO guidelines cite the importance of acknowledged publicly and corrected, not ignored, patronized transparency in EID communication with the public: or ridiculed.

Trans- of empowerment by focusing on listening, overlooking the parency characterizes the relationship between the outbreak importance of giving tools for the individual decision-making managers and the public. It allows the public access to the process.

Based on these guidelines, the CDC and WHO reports after Health care workers played a key role in empowering the treated the challenges of how to communicate public during an epidemic outbreak, especially primary care information about the H1N1 virus to the governments and providers,31 by carrying out the guidelines with and for the the public when its severity was uncertain.

The criticism of public. Therefore, it was important to define the guidelines this finding was that instead of providing transparent given to health care workers. In both the guidelines and the communication regarding the uncertainty surrounding the reports, instructions for health care workers were mainly new virus, they rushed to declare a pandemic.

Many questions answered based on the documents examined. However, we were raised regarding its safety and its capacity to prevent could assume that the vaccine was presented as the only infection, issues that inhibited vaccination compliance. They stressed that spread during the initial stages. One policymaker reported that in We examined the engagement of stakeholders in commu- the first stages of the pandemic, when decisions such as nicating information about the disease and the vaccine.

The process of developing a course of countries were doing and what the WHO recommendedy action necessitated collaboration and communication with there were moments when we felt thaty there would be a them.

We did not address the epidemio- Empirical Study logical question of whether any of the alternatives could In the interviews we conducted in Israel, health care workers provide viable solutions, but only the issue of transparent presented a similar picture.

They reported that inclusion communication regarding the vaccine especially given its processes existed, but they did not always find them newness alongside additional preventative measures.

However, they claimed that they could not to segmentation is slight. They presented what they knew Extensive reporting is available on the use of different and what the procedures werey. They asked if we thought communication channels, from television to the Internet, to that things should be changedy. There was discussion and communicate with different populations. Specific commu- some argued and provided suggestionsy.

After- special communication channels. In the interviews we social media among youth around the world. The fact that such a call was made might indicate a the media people to participatey and explain and heary no general lack of such cultural adaptation. We need to work together, to think together, how being attuned to social, cultural and other factors among and to inform the publicy.

We can represent our side in the within countries that can and will create profound differences process, which is important. Just from With regard to segmentation, both the guidelines and the abroady. We sometimes needed to, but had no one to turn reports provided only a very general reference to the idea of to. However, it Document Analysis appeared that the segmentation focused on subpopulations in All of the documents indicated that subpopulations and general and not on specific at-risk groups.

Few examples were at-risk groups were targeted. Among the subpopulations found of targeting messages to vulnerable groups in settings mentioned were toddlers, school-age children, homeless such as schools, day care centers, and universities. One of the strategies mentioned was information sessions held with local community partners and cultural Empirical Study organizations to identify these groups.

At-risk groups that were advised to traditional mass media channels. One senior health official undergo vaccination were identified easily in the reports. One of them even recorded himself and broadcast ity. They reported that they did not use and unchecked facts appearing on the Internet. From the what had happened. In addition, the use of new and social media tion, while insisting that their own reports represented factual was extensive.

One policy- level. He found a simple, two-line, informative of traditional mass communication channels was pervasive, press release, about a suspected case of H1N1y I told him, other options were little used. If information was not being provided making people hysterical or is it the media?

In addition, Twitter and Facebook Focusing on the 1-Way Flow of Communication accounts were not used to communicate with the public. Table 3 presents the theoretical We examined whether the use of communication channels dimensions and their implications in the and for risk communication focused more on providing the reports, and Table 4 references the conceptual elements in information or sharing it.

We also examined whether the new the guidelines and reports However, it appeared that while these channels limited to: a hour information hotline, press briefings for were effective on the international level, more specific the media, dissemination through health alert networks, daily guidelines and guidance were needed on the national level.

The states received no feedback organizations to their own audiences, just to name a few from the organizations regarding the lack of information or channels. YouTube videos on the web were classified as misleading. Themes in the misleading videos included antivaccination This finding was relevant to the intention of the CDC messages, conspiracy theories about manmade H1N1 virus, and WHO regarding informal antivaccination campaigns.

Even if the CDC and while the official information remained unchanged. We have WHO guidelines are in complete agreement, adaptation of attributed the greater number of communication channels messages at the local level will be necessary for each country. The key challenge of an efficient bottom-up flow of communication has been to locate individuals who can In future health crises, it is recommended that organizations respond at the grassroots level.

Those grassroots stakeholders be more involved in the implementation of guidelines. Although a variety of communication channels had been employed in , the 2-way communication had been In their guidelines, the CDC and WHO declared that deficient, as was involving the public in formulating maintaining trust was a primary objective.

Regular updates decisions. It was very difficult to reconcile the use of were disseminated and credible sources were employed to this standardized and uniform messages while satisfying the need end. However, in practice, the interviews we conducted to target a large number of subgroups segmentation across indicated gaps between the stated policies and the procedures widely divergent socioeconomic and geopolitical lines.

Special attention was devoted to potential conflicts of interest regarding the promotion of the About the Authors vaccination campaign. Even so, the 1-way communication flow still Funding and Support dominated. Stockpiling prepandemic influenza vaccines: a new cornerstone of pandemic preparedness plans.

Lancet Infect Dis. J Risk Res. The first recommendation that emerges from our study 3. Lee NR, Kotler P. Social Marketing Influencing Behaviors for Good, 4th ed. Sandman P. Risk communication. It should take into account the Encyclopedia of the Environment.

Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin; Barry JM. In addition, 2-way communication History. Covello VT. Best practices in public health risk and crisis communica- guidelines in light of the concerns of the public.

J Health Commun. Communicating the threat of emerging infections to the public. Emerging Infectious Dis. Our second recommendation concerns implementing con- 8.

Two ;12 6 Cvetkovich G, Lofstedt RE. Social Trust and the Management of Risk. London, England: Earthscan Publications; Earle TC, Cvetkovich G. Social Trust: Toward a Cosmopolitan Society. While many guidelines and theoretical Westport, Connecticuut: Praeger; Lofstedt RE. Risk Management in Post-Trust Societies. London, England: Israeli case study suggests that sometimes dissemination to the Palgrave Macmillan; The views Accessed October 20, World Health Organization.

World Health Organization Outbreak Understanding the risk: what frightens rarely kills. Nieman Communication Planning Guide, ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Rep. Health Organization; Frewer L. The public and effective risk communication. An overview of each section is provided here. The impact of cancer on the world community is most immediately clear from the number of new cases and mortality.

Information currently available presents cancer occurrence in relation to a broad perspective on disease prevention. Beyond this, data from cancer registries in almost all countries enable changes over time trends in particular tumour types to be documented.

Once recognized, changes in cancer incidence can often be attributed to patterns of human development, and such relationships in turn provide clear opportunities for cancer prevention. The fact that a proportion of most tumour types are caused by particular chemicals, radiation, or biological organisms offers, in most instances, an opportunity for cancer prevention. Some causes of cancer have been known for many decades, although exploitation of this knowledge to prevent cancer has rarely been optimal, particularly from a global perspective.

Research findings on cancer causation encompass new insights for both well-recognized carcinogens and those cancer-causing agents that have been recently described. A daunting aspect of research is the extent to which carcinogen exposure — and a consequential burden of disease — that has been controlled in one country or community then emerges in another, even to a greater extent.

Exposure to a particular carcinogen — or, more commonly, multiple circumstances of exposure — accounts for a proportion of human cancers, acting through different biological pathways at a cellular and molecular level. However, not all people known to be at risk after carcinogen exposure develop cancer. Independently, some people are at greater than average risk of developing cancer because of cancer in earlier generations, but not all members of affected families are afflicted.

Finally, cancer may be diagnosed in people not known to have been exposed to relevant carcinogens or whose family has no relevant history. These various scenarios can be explained to varying degrees by biological processes that affect some or all tissues; some of these processes may themselves be the result of environmental or lifestyle exposures. Certain of these processes are described in this section, with particular reference to how available knowledge might be used for prevention.

Inequalities, specifically as determined by educational attainment and limitations on circumstances, including nutrition and housing determined by financial income, may perturb the efficacy of virtually all initiatives calculated to reduce the burden of cancer. Relevant factors may be particular to certain countries or regions.

Means for investigating such associations, and the manner in which adverse outcomes may be minimized, have improved in recent times. Typically, data are available on variations within a particular country, and certain such data are described in this section. The truism that cancer is not a single disease but a multiplicity of different diseases is as valid for cancer prevention as it is for clinical management. Broad understandings about cancer causation, development, detection, and avenues to prevention must be qualified to the extent that no specific list of characteristics e.